![]() There are various ways to make gold leaf adhere to a large surface area, but the use of fine red clays is the most common method. took into consideration the gilded surfaces in polychrome art objects (easel and mural paintings, polychrome wooden objects, gilt leather and parchment) and described the materials, gold application techniques and imitations from a technical, analytical and conservation point of view. The first and more stable material used to create a gilded surface was gold. These medallions have probably been restored several times through centuries. These artefacts are extremely degraded and require conservation therefore, studying the materials used to manufacture them and discovering the causes of deterioration is necessary. Golden medallions, representing the coat of arms of the Leon and Castile Kingdoms, decorate several chamber walls. High-valued wall paintings are located in the Mudejar Palace. For instance, to enliven the planar surfaces of the walls, the Mudejar style developed complicated tiling patterns that have never been surpassed in sophistication. This style did not involve the creation of new structural shapes, but a reinterpretation of Western cultural styles with Islamic influences. The Reales Alcazares of Seville is considered to be one of the greatest surviving examples of the Mudejar style. During the subsequent centuries and continuing through the present day, the Reales Alcazares was continuously enriched, especially with regard to Renaissance pavilions and gardens, which vastly enlarged the architectonic area. The Justice Room was constructed, and later the Taifa Palace was rebuilt adjacent to the first building, and the actual Mudejar Palace was constructed. After the Christian conquest, the Atarazanas and the Gothic Palace were constructed, and several improvements were performed in the 14 th century. In the 13 th century, the Golden Tower was built and the Yahward Wall was finished. The Taifa Palaces of Almuvarak were constructed in the 11 th and 13 th centuries. Abd al Rhaman built the Emiral Palace in 914. The Alcazar expanded during the subsequent centuries due to the city’s increasing political influence within the Iberian Peninsula, and new palaces were built. The Alcazar of Isbiliya (the ancient name of Seville) was constructed at the end of the first millennium as a fortress during the omeya control of Seville. The Reales Alcazares of Seville constituted a monumental area during the emiral, califal, taifa-abbadita, almoravide, almohade and castilian-medieval periods. The Reales Alcazares of Sevilla is a building inscribed in the World Heritage List as the oldest royal palace still in use in Europe. The external gilding was applied at the beginning of the 19 th century using mordant oil (linseed oil). This is the first time that lead chromate has been detected in gildings. However, complete characterisation of the medallions required the use of other techniques such as mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy- energy dispersive X-ray. The non-invasive techniques provided useful information about the characterisation of the components of the golden medallions. Another golden layer applied in oldest time period was also found. This yellow pigment (lead chromate) and the layers of bole and white lead were characterised in cross-sections prepared from samples taken from the medallions in which the golden layer was missing. A layer of lead chromate with some lead sulphate was between the alloy and the support. However, copper, silver and zinc were also found. The leaf adhered to the surface was primarily a gold alloy. Cross-sections of golden support were also performed and studied by SEM-EDX. The gilding of the medallions from the Mudejar palace of Sevilla Alcazar was investigated, and their components were characterised using non-invasive (in situ and laboratory) techniques such as X-ray fluorescence, μ-Raman, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-rays. The identification of the materials and processes to make the gilding and the use of non- invasive techniques for gilding study is still an open problem. There are various ways to make gold leaf adhere to a large surface area. ![]() False gold was also found in the form of copper-zinc powders or silver covered with resin. The first stable material used to create a gilded surface was gold.
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